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如何去寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)句子
一、 ＂There be＂結構
考生病句：
1. There are many people like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.
正確表達：
1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.
這兩個(gè)例句的錯誤比較有普遍性，因為在歷次考試中有不少考生不能正確運用there be這一最常用的句式，怎樣寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)句子（二）。在這種結構中，there是引導詞，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義。be在句中作謂語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)和數的變化。
例如：
1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...)
注意：在否定句中，否定詞用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接單數名詞，not a 后接復數名詞，no后面的名詞單復數都可以。
2. There is not a moment to be lost.
3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.
4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.
5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.
從以上例句還可看出，句中的主語(yǔ)后面可接多種修飾語(yǔ)，如介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句、分詞短語(yǔ)等等。這無(wú)疑使該結構增加了表現力，使句子表達內容更加豐富。 在運用這一結構時(shí)，考生最容易犯的錯誤是在there be之后又用了一個(gè)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)，使句子結構出現嚴重錯誤。這里列舉的考生的典型錯誤均屬這種情況，對此我們在寫(xiě)作中要格外注意。
二、 比較結構
考生病句：
1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.
正確表達：
1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.
評議與分析：許多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比較，但相當多的表達有誤。
在例1中，對兩個(gè)事物進(jìn)行比較的句式為Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的過(guò)去分詞，不能用現在分詞，因為B是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，只能被比較。在例2中，考生誤將"天氣"與"城市"進(jìn)行比較，而二者沒(méi)有可比性，只有將后者改為"其他城市的天氣"才符合邏輯，很顯然，考生的錯誤是受了漢語(yǔ)表達習慣的影響。
比較結構是常用結構，正確地使用這一結構可以使文章的句式增加變化，有利于提高寫(xiě)作成績(jì)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，考生若能恰當、正確地運用這一結構，其寫(xiě)作成績(jì)應在5分以上。
下面是比較結構的一些常用的表達方法。
1． 同級比較
1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.
2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years
in the past.
2． 比較級
1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.
2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.
3． 最高級
1） This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
2） Of all his novels I like this one best.
4． the more…the more…結構
1) The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
2) The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
5． 選擇比較
1) I prefer staying at home to going out.
2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.
3) He prefers to work alone.
注意：這里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B結構，to為介詞，后接名詞或動(dòng)名詞；2）句是以不定式作 prefer的賓語(yǔ)；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表達出來(lái)，其它英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作《怎樣寫(xiě)好英語(yǔ)句子（二）》。
6． 對比
1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.
注意：while 和whereas均可用于連接兩個(gè)意義對立的分句，相當于漢語(yǔ)的"而"字。許多考生能較好地運用這一句式，尤其在圖表作文中。
三、 表達原因的結構
考生病句：
1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without
working hard.
正確表達：
1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working
hard.
評議與分析：
以上兩個(gè)病句分別引自92年1月和97年12月四級考試的考生作文。從遣詞造句上看，這兩位考生具有一定的寫(xiě)作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均運用正確、恰當。但令人遺憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不與to搭配而應接介詞for，第二位考生犯了一個(gè)中國學(xué)生常犯的錯誤，就是用because引起表語(yǔ)從句，because這個(gè)詞不能引起表語(yǔ)從句，在本句中只能改用that才正確。
掌握好表達原因的結構是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫(xiě)作試題都要求寫(xiě)原因或可以寫(xiě)原因。在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級考試、研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試以及TOEFL考試中，寫(xiě)作的文體基本上是議論文，而議論文的基本模式是擺事實(shí)、講道理，講道理就是說(shuō)明原因。寫(xiě)作測試的文體決定了表達原因結構的重要性。
英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表達原因這一概念的結構有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：
1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more
proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that
some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.
我們還可以借助某些詞語(yǔ)用簡(jiǎn)單句表達原因結構。例如：
1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the
mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外，英語(yǔ)中還有很多或易或難的表達原因的結構。我們在進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作訓練的時(shí)候，不能滿(mǎn)足于一知半解，要講究書(shū)面語(yǔ)言的正確性和準確性。比如，because是最常用的引導原因從句的連詞，語(yǔ)氣最強，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導的原因從句語(yǔ)氣較弱，所說(shuō)明的原因是附帶的，而since表示的原因暗示著(zhù)是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來(lái)的原因。
四、 否定結構
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.
正確表達：
1. Some people think we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.
評議與分析：
例句1選自96年1月四級考生作文，例句2選自92年1月六級考生作文。例句1 的錯誤在于該考生混淆了need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和作為普通動(dòng)詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句，后面的動(dòng)詞不帶to, needn't worry，作we的謂語(yǔ)。need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't need的賓語(yǔ)。例句2的錯誤在于該考生混淆了too和either的區別，這兩個(gè)詞都表示"也"的意思，但是在英語(yǔ)中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。
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