英文句子種類(lèi)辨析之肯定句和否定句
含否定詞的句子稱(chēng)為否定句(Negative Sentence),不含否定詞的句子就稱(chēng)為肯定句(Affirmative Sentence)。例如:
例:Mr. Walker is an Englishman.
。ㄈA克先生是英國人!隙ň洌
例:He is not an American.
。ㄋ皇敲绹!穸ň洌
簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),表達事物的“Yes”這一面的句子就是肯定句,“No”的一面的就叫做否定句。
傳統的'英語(yǔ)入門(mén)都是先學(xué)肯定句,然后再學(xué)肯定句的反面,亦就是否定句。否定句的表達方式基本上有下面的兩種。
。1)使用副詞否定詞“not”,例如:
(a)be,have為主要動(dòng)詞:
例:I am not a good swimmer.
。ㄎ也皇且粋(gè)游泳的好手。)
例:He was not at home yesterday afternoon.
。ㄗ蛱煜挛缢辉诩。)
例:I have not much money.
。ㄎ覜](méi)有很多錢(qián)。)
例:He has not many friend here.
。ㄔ谶@里他沒(méi)有很多朋友。)
解說(shuō)“be/have +not”?s短成一詞,尤其是日常談話(huà)更是如此。例如:
例:You aren't [a:nt] a friend of his, are you ?
。悴皇撬呐笥寻,是不是?)
例:He isn't [>!znt] my brother.
。ㄋ皇俏业男值。)
例:I wasn't [>w&znt] there at that time.
。ó敃r(shí)我沒(méi)有在那兒。)
例:There weren't [w+:nt] many people at the party yesterday.
。ㄗ蛱鞗](méi)有很多人參加宴會(huì )。)
“am +not”不是“amn't”,而是“aren't”或“ain't[eint]”,例如:
例:I ain't ready.
。ㄎ疫沒(méi)準備好。)
例:I am very nice to you, aren't I?
。ㄎ覍δ愫懿诲e,是不是?)
美國人用“ain't”很隨便,應該是“are not,is not,have not,has not”的地方,他們也會(huì )“ain't”一下就帶過(guò)去,宜注意。
下面例句是“have not,has not”的縮短形。
例:I haven't[>h$vnt] a headache.
。ㄎ覜](méi)有頭痛。)
例:He hasn't[>h$znt] come yet.
。ㄋ沒(méi)來(lái)。)
(b)be,have為助動(dòng)詞
例:You aren't going to go to her birthday party, are you?
。悴淮蛩銋⒓铀纳昭鐣(huì ),是不是?)
例:It isn't raining outside.
。ㄍ饷鏇](méi)有在下雨。)
例:She wasn't asked to speak at the meeting.
。ㄋ龥](méi)有被請求在會(huì )上講話(huà)。)
例:I haven't done anything wrong to her.
。ㄋ麤](méi)有做對不起她的事。)
例:He hasn't yet paid the money.
。ㄋ形锤跺X(qián)。)
be+ V -ing(進(jìn)行時(shí)),be +P.P.(過(guò)去分詞)(被動(dòng)詞態(tài)),have(has,had)+P.P.(完成時(shí))等的“be,have(has,had)”皆為助動(dòng)詞。例1的“be going to …”在學(xué)校文法中也常被視為助動(dòng)詞。
(c)“助動(dòng)詞+V”時(shí)
動(dòng)詞帶有助動(dòng)詞“will,shall,can,may,must,need,dare,ought to,used to,had better”等時(shí),將“not”置于助動(dòng)詞與主要動(dòng)詞之間。例如:
例:I will not do it again.
I won't[wount] do it again.
。ㄎ也辉敢庠僮鲞@種事。)
例:The old man cannot find his way home.
。莻(gè)老人找不到回家的路。)
例:I couldn't sleep last night.
。ㄗ蛞刮覠o(wú)法入睡。)
例:You ought not to swim in the river.
。悴粦撛诤永镉斡。)
例:You had better not tell her everything.
。阕詈貌灰獦訕邮虑槎几嬖V她。)
注:“can”的否定形式是“cannot or can't”,不可寫(xiě)成“can not or cann't”。
(d)使用助動(dòng)詞“do”的否定句
一般動(dòng)詞的否定句通常使用助動(dòng)詞“do”,句式如下:
句型 do(does, did)+not + V(原形動(dòng)詞)
例:I don't know her very well.
。ㄎ也⒉缓芰私馑。)
例:He doesn't like Chinese tea very much.
。ㄋ⒉缓芟矚g中國茶。)
例:She didn't come to school this morning.
。ń裉煸缟纤龥](méi)有來(lái)上學(xué)。)
例:Don't believe him.
。ú灰嘈潘脑(huà)。)
注:“have”表達“有”以外的意義時(shí),其否定句通常使用助動(dòng)詞“do”,例如:
例:Usually I don't have (=eat) breakfast on Sunday morning.
。ㄍǔP瞧谔煸缟衔也怀栽绮。)
例:She doesn't have (=drink) coffee for breakfast.
。ㄋ话芽Х瘸渥髟绮秃。)
例:We didn't have (=enjoy) a good time there yesterday.
。ㄗ蛱煳覀冊谀抢锿娴貌挥淇。)
不過(guò)美式英語(yǔ)“have”作“有”的意義使用時(shí)也如一般動(dòng)詞使用助動(dòng)詞“do”,例如:
例:I don't have brothers.
。ㄎ覜](méi)有兄弟。)
例:We didn't have time enough to finish the work.
。ㄎ覀儺敃r(shí)沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間完成那件工作。)
。2)使用“not”以外的否定詞
“not”以外的否定詞有:
。╝)副詞:never,seldom,hardly,little,neither,etc.
例:She never comes to school late.
。ㄋ蠈W(xué)從不遲到。)
例:She seldom comes to see me.
。ㄋ怀(lái)看我。)
。╞)形容詞:no,few,little,etc.
例:I have no brothers.(=I don't have brothers.)
。ㄎ覜](méi)有兄弟。)
例:He has few friends in Hong Kong.
。ㄋ谙愀蹘缀鯖](méi)有朋友。)
。╟)代詞:nothing,nobody,none,etc.
例:I know nothing about computer.
。▽τ陔娔X我一竅不通。)
I found nobody about computer.
。ㄔ谀菞澐孔永镂覜](méi)看到任何人。)
注:1.有些文法書(shū)認為“Not +V”為句子否定法,是否定句,而“no +n.或如nothing,etc.”為單詞否定法,不宜稱(chēng)為否定句。例如:
例:He doesn't have brother.(否定句)
He has no brothers.(單詞否定,但應視為肯定句,因為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是肯定。)
請注意下面兩句的意義上的區別。
例:He doesn't have a breakfast.
He has not a breakfast.
。ㄋ怀栽绮!穸ň洌
例:He has no breakfast.
。ㄋ麤](méi)有早餐可吃!獑卧~否定,肯定句)
2.否定也可以借用前綴或后綴來(lái)表達,例如:
例:He is honest.
。ㄋ钦\實(shí)的。)
He is dishonest.(=He in not honest.)
。ㄋ徽\實(shí)。)
例:They have children.
。ㄋ麄冇行『。)
They are childless.(=The don't have children.)
。ㄋ麄儧](méi)有小孩。)
Drilling Square
Ⅰ.請把下列各句改為否定句。
1.Amy is the best student in my class.
2.Jim has a lot of stamps.
3.John studies very hard this semester.
4.Bill broke the glass yesterday.
5.Did he write you a letter last week?
6.Open the window, Peter.
7.We had a walk after dinner yesterday.
Ⅱ.請把下列各句改為肯定句。
1.She doesn't have to go to school today.
2.My father doesn't go to his office by bus.
3.I didn't see him yesterday.
4.Mr. Smith won't teach us next year.
5.You need not do it today.
6.She cannot run very last.
7.She doesn't wash her clothes herself.
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