氣候變化導致古樹(shù)生長(cháng)競賽的英語(yǔ)美文
One of the consequences of a warming world is that high mountain habitats， which used to be too chilly for trees， are heating up。 "There is now newly available real estate above what we call tree line—the sort of literal line in the sand above which trees can’t grow because it’s too cold。 But now it’s not。"
全球變暖的其中一個(gè)后果是，對樹(shù)木來(lái)說(shuō)曾經(jīng)過(guò)于寒冷的高山環(huán)境正在逐漸升溫�！艾F在，在我們稱(chēng)為“林木線(xiàn)”的上方出現了新的可用生長(cháng)空間——這種線(xiàn)類(lèi)似于分界線(xiàn)，由于過(guò)于寒冷，樹(shù)木在該線(xiàn)之上無(wú)法生長(cháng)。但是，現在情況已經(jīng)改變�！�
Brian Smithers is an ecologist at U。C。 Davis。 He compares this slow—moving migration to land—grabs back in pioneer times。 "You know， they fired the guns and all the settlers made a mad dash to claim their stake。 It’s that， but if everybody were crawling on their bellies or something like that instead。"
布萊恩史密瑟斯是加州大學(xué)戴維斯分校的生態(tài)學(xué)家。他將這種緩慢遷移與開(kāi)拓時(shí)期的土地掠奪進(jìn)行了比較�！澳阒�，他們開(kāi)了火，當時(shí)所有開(kāi)拓者都在瘋狂地占領(lǐng)地盤(pán)。事實(shí)就是這樣，但是如果所有人都匍匐前進(jìn)，或是替換成會(huì )爬的東西會(huì )怎么樣？”
Smithers is studying this upslope race among bristlecone pines。 These trees can live for more than 5，000 years—making them the oldest individual organisms on Earth。 Many of them eke out a living in dry， rocky soils， on windblown ridgelines around 11，000 feet， in eastern California and Nevada。 "They look like the worst bonsai tree imaginable。 They just look gnarled and twisted， something that looks like it’s taken a beating for 5，000 years and still living。"
史密瑟斯正在研究狐尾松之間的上升競賽。這些樹(shù)的壽命可超過(guò)5000年，這使它們成為地球上最古老的生物個(gè)體。在加州東部和內華達州干燥的石質(zhì)土以及約1。1萬(wàn)英尺高的風(fēng)蝕山脊線(xiàn)上，許多狐尾松在勉強度日�！八鼈兛雌饋�(lái)像是你能想得到的最糟糕的盆景樹(shù)。這些樹(shù)有很多節瘤，而且形狀扭曲，看上去像過(guò)去5000年一直在挨打，但依然存活著(zhù)�！�
So， as tree line rises， these giant bonsais are following。 But Smithers says the ancient trees now have a competitor—a species called limber pines。 The limbers are passing the bristlecones at tree line， sprouting seedlings in that fresh real estate upslope more quickly。 ‘Quickly’ being a relative term。 "It’s the tortoise and the slightly faster tortoise。" Smithers documents the race in the journal Global Change Biology。
因此，隨著(zhù)林木線(xiàn)的上升，這些巨型盆景也開(kāi)始不斷長(cháng)高。但是史密瑟斯說(shuō)這些古樹(shù)現在有了一個(gè)競爭者，那是一種名為柔枝松的樹(shù)種。柔枝松正在林木線(xiàn)上超越狐尾松，以更快的速度將幼苗蔓延至上升的新空間。而這種“快”是一種相對的說(shuō)法�！澳蔷拖駷觚斉c稍快些的烏龜進(jìn)行的`比賽�！笔访苌褂涗浟诉@種比賽，并將記錄發(fā)表在《全球變化生態(tài)學(xué)》期刊上。
The leapfrogging limber pines could put bristlecones in a bind， hemmed in by competing seedlings upslope， and hotter temperatures downslope。 And that， Smithers says， would have long—lasting consequences。 "You know， we talk about the effects of climate change happening on scales of 100 years。 What’s going to happen by 2100。 But in 5，000 years someone will be able to go to this stand and say， oh it looks like this because people made climate change happen 5，000 years ago。 It just changes the scale， when we talk about the effects of climate change。" Assuming， that is， we stick around long enough to notice。
趕超的柔枝松可能讓狐尾松陷入困境，上方有競爭者的幼苗，而下方是升高的溫度。史密瑟斯認為，這種情況會(huì )帶來(lái)持久的影響�！拔覀冊谡f(shuō)的是以百年為尺度的氣候變化影響。即2100年時(shí)會(huì )出現的影響。但在5000年內，可能有人能走進(jìn)這片林木并說(shuō)：哦，因為5000年前人類(lèi)造成的氣候變化，這些林木現在成了這個(gè)樣子。在我們談?wù)摎夂蜃兓挠绊憰r(shí)，只是尺度改變了�！币簿褪钦f(shuō)，假設我們逗留的時(shí)間足夠長(cháng)，我們就能注意到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
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