【拋磚引玉】
本單元同學(xué)們要學(xué)習的是一個(gè)名叫 William Hartley 的人如何從少年時(shí)代就立志遠大，培養自己優(yōu)秀的做人品質(zhì)。他大約 12 歲時(shí)為了得到一本書(shū)四處奔跑給人留下深刻的印象。30 年后他當了船長(cháng)，憑著(zhù)自己堅強的意志和高尚的品質(zhì)又在船沉沒(méi)之前率領(lǐng)全船人員拼搏前進(jìn)，讓船終于抵達利物浦港，挽救了乘客的性命。他的一言一行的催人奮進(jìn)，他堅強的決心、意志和勇氣催人淚下。
今天，在實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育的過(guò)程中，我們中學(xué)生就需要培養像課文中主人公所具有的良好的健康的心理素質(zhì)，這種素質(zhì)就如同人生海洋中沖浪的堅船。人的一生就是在不斷的追求中升華，就是在失敗中奮發(fā)，就是在挫折中堅強，就是在絕望中再生。因此，人必須具備堅強的意志和非凡的勇氣。泰戈爾有句名言：“世界之路并沒(méi)有鋪滿(mǎn)鮮花，每一步都有荊棘，但是你必須走過(guò)那條荊棘的路，愉快微笑，這是對人的考驗，你必須把愁轉變?yōu)橛兴�，變辛酸為甜蜜�！眻詮姷靡庵竞头欠驳糜職饩腿缤松飞吓G斬棘的開(kāi)山斧。失敗了，跌倒了，不要哭泣，不要嘆息，要挺其身板，擦干淚水，忍住痛苦，昂起不屈的頭，勇敢堅強的克服重重困難，去實(shí)現自己心中美好的愿望。
所以，堅強的意志就是人生長(cháng)河的渡船，雖然有驚濤駭浪，雖然有暗礁淺灘，雖然有急流陡轉，只要有了像William Hartley那樣堅強的意志，我們的航船就一定能順利達到勝利的彼岸。
同學(xué)們還會(huì )透徹地學(xué)習到如何表達自己的歉意行為。在西方國家，隨處可以聽(tīng)見(jiàn)“Sorry”, “Excuse me”等之類(lèi)表示道歉的話(huà)，如上車(chē)踩了別人的腳、撥錯了電話(huà)號碼、當著(zhù)別人的面打噴嚏、打斷別人的話(huà)或者耽誤了約會(huì )時(shí)間，都會(huì )說(shuō)聲“對不起”。
當要說(shuō)的話(huà)、要做的事、要引起別人注意等可能引起對方不快時(shí)常先說(shuō)一聲“Excuse me”。為已經(jīng)做的事表示歉意用“Sorry”。這樣做一是給對方感情上的彌補，二是自身文明素質(zhì)的體現。接受別人的道歉時(shí)要向道歉者表示安慰。
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
A. 大綱規定的單元日常核心交際用語(yǔ)指南
Apologies and responses (道歉與應答)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語(yǔ) 50 句
1. Excuse me for my smoking here . 請原諒我在這抽煙了。
2. I am afraid I‘ve brought you too much trouble . 恐怕我已經(jīng)給你帶來(lái)了許多麻煩。
3. I’m awfully sorry . I didn‘t realize . 非常抱歉，我沒(méi)有意識到。
4. I am sorry , it was all my fault . 對不起，都是我的過(guò)錯。
5. I am sorry . I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings . 對不起，我不是有意傷害你感情的。
6. I am terribly sorry about that . 我對此非常抱歉。
7. I am very sorry for what I‘ve said to you . 對你說(shuō)了這些話(huà)，我很抱歉。
8. It was most careless of me . 我真是非常粗心。
9. It was wrong of me to pick up your umbrella . 錯拿了你的傘，這是我的不對。
10. Pardon me for sneezing . 原諒我一下，我得打個(gè)噴嚏。
11. Please excuse me coming late . 我來(lái)遲了，請原諒。
12. A thousand pardons for taking up so much of your time . 占了你這么多時(shí)間，抱歉，抱歉。
13. I really feel bad about that . 我為此實(shí)在感到不快。
14. Oh , my fault for breaking the glass . 哦，打碎玻璃是我的過(guò)錯。
15. Sorry for not phoning you . 對不起，沒(méi)給你打電話(huà)。
16. I apologize for what I said just now . 我為剛才說(shuō)的話(huà)向你道歉。
17. I can’t tell you how sorry I am . 我實(shí)在難以表達我的歉意。
17. I can‘t tell you how sorry I am for giving you such a surprise . 讓你這么受驚嚇，我實(shí)在難以表達我的歉意。
18. I do apologize about that . = I do beg your pardon . = I do hope you will excuse me . = I do hope you will forgive me . 我確實(shí)要為此向您道歉。
19. I hope you will pardon me for my carelessness . 我希望您原諒我的疏忽大意。
20. I must make an apology for losing my temper . 請原諒我剛才不該發(fā)脾氣。
21. May I offer you my sincerest apologies for the trouble I have given you ? 給您添了這些麻煩，謹向您表示最真誠的歉意。
22. Please forgive me for having lost your dictionary . 請原諒，我把你的字典弄丟了。
23. Please forgive me . I really didn’t mean that . 請原諒，我實(shí)在不是這個(gè)意思。
24. I am sorry about that .
25. I apologize for being so angry with you .
26. I am sorry to have done that .
27. I didn‘t mean to be so rude .
28. - I feel rather ashamed . I didn’t mean to hurt you .
- It is not important . = That‘s OK . =That’s all right . = Never mind . = That‘s nothing .
29. Excuse me for a moment . I’ll go to the toilet . 對不起，我去一下洗手間。
30. What a pity ! / What a shame ! 真遺憾 ！
31. It doesn‘t matter at all . / That’s all right . / Not at all . / It‘s nothing . / That’s nothing . 一點(diǎn)兒沒(méi)關(guān)系。
32. It‘s not your fault . 這不是你的過(guò)錯。
33. Never mind . It doesn’t really matter . 沒(méi)關(guān)系，實(shí)在沒(méi)有什么要緊的。
34. Please don‘t worry . / Please think nothing of it . / Let’s forget it . / No harm done .
35. Please don‘t feel bad about it . 請別為此事不快。
36. Not to worry . 不用擔心。
37. Apologies are really quite unnecessary . 道歉實(shí)在沒(méi)有必要。
38. It’s really of no importance . 這實(shí)在是微不足道的事。
39. Please don‘t blame yourself . 請別自責。
40. There is no need for you to worry in the least . 您完全不必擔心。
41. There’s no reason to apologize for such a thing . 沒(méi)有理由為此事?lián)摹?/p>
42. Please don‘t let it worry .
43. Please don’t give it another thought . 請再也別想這件事了。
44. It‘s nothing to worry about , I suppose . 我覺(jué)得這沒(méi)有什么可擔心的。
45. I quite understand . Please don’t worry .
46. - I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting .
- It doesn’t matter .
47. - Excuse me , but smoking isn‘t allowed .
- Oh , sorry , I didn’t know .
48. - I‘m sorry . I lost the magazine you lent me the other day .
- Not to worry any more .
49. Sorry , I hope you haven’t been waiting long .
50. Excuse me , could you tell me the way to the station ?
● Model Dialogues 交際示范
A
Tod：May I come in ?
Dean：Come in , please . You‘re here at last .
Tod：Good evening , Dean . Sorry I’m late .
Dean：That‘s all right . We’re glad you could come .
Tod：I should have arrived earlier , but I was held up by the traffic .
Dean：Yes , the traffic is busy this hour . Please take a seat and have a drink . The birthday party will begin in a few minutes .
B
Young man：I beg your pardon , Madame . Did I hurt you ?
Old lady：Oh , not a bit . Don‘t worry about it .
Young man：But your trousers get dirty .
Old lady：Never mind , young man . Be careful when you ride next time .
Young man：Yes . Thank you , Madame .
C
Smith：Come in , please .
Waiter：Sorry to disturb you , Mr . Smith . We’ve found this wallet and we believe it‘s yours .
Smith：Why , yes , it’s mine . I must have left it in the restaurant .
Waiter：Yes , we found it just after you left . Will you please see if there‘s anything missing ?
Smith：No , that’s quite unnecessary .
Waiter：I‘d rather you did .
Smith：Well , if you insist … . Everything is here . I’m sorry to have caused you so much trouble . It‘s all my fault .
Waiter：No trouble at all .
● 典題范例
1. - I must apologize for ahead of time .
- That’s all right .
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
2. - Excuse me for interrupting you .
- .
A. Take it easy B. Don‘t excuse me
C. That’s right D. That‘s all right .
3. - I’m sorry to have got you into trouble .
- .
A. Don‘t say so B. No worry
C. It doesn’t matter D. Nothing
答案：BDC
B. 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視
1. anyhow 作副詞是“不管怎樣，無(wú)論如何，不論用何種方法；馬馬虎虎”
Anyhow I must finish this work today . 無(wú)論如何，我今天必須完成這項工作。
It seemed as if I couldn‘t think of the right word anyhow . 我似乎怎么也想不出恰當的字眼來(lái)了。
I may fail , but I shall try hard anyhow . 我也許會(huì )失敗，但我無(wú)論如何要努力一試。
The door won’t open anyhow . 門(mén)怎么也打不開(kāi)。
測試要點(diǎn)：（1）anyhow = anyway 。副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不要把 anyhow 寫(xiě)成 any how 。
The house was empty and I couldn‘t get in anyhow . 房子是空的，我無(wú)論如何都進(jìn)不去。
（2）會(huì )區別 anyway 和 (in) any way
She wasn’t very polite , but anyway , I helped her . 她不太禮貌，不過(guò)我還是幫助了她。
Can I help you in any way ? 我可以通過(guò)什么方法幫助你嗎 ？
2. argument 辯論，爭論；論據
An argument between parents about children‘s homework will be ended .
There are many arguments against smoking . = There are many arguments that one should not smoke . 反對吸煙的理由有很多。
Let’s not waste time in argument . 我們別再爭辯而浪費時(shí)間了。
測試要點(diǎn)：
(1) 注意該詞的名詞不要誤寫(xiě)成 arguement 。常見(jiàn)搭配有：accept an argument 接受論點(diǎn)，explain an argument 說(shuō)明論點(diǎn)，get into an argument with與……爭論，prove an argument 證明論點(diǎn)，put forward an argument 提出論點(diǎn)，support an argument 支持一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，have an argument with sb about sth
They got into quite a heated argument . 他們展開(kāi)了相當激烈的辯論。
(2) 動(dòng)詞 argue 作不及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞，側重指就自己的看法或立場(chǎng)提出論證和別人進(jìn)行辯論，特別以推理的方式陳述觀(guān)點(diǎn)或者以激烈的方式交換意見(jiàn)。如：
He argued that the experiment could be done in another way . 他論證說(shuō)這項實(shí)驗可以換一種方法進(jìn)行。
argue sb into doing sth 說(shuō)服某人做某事
特別要注意在表示“爭論，辯論”之意時(shí)不能用 argue sth ，要用 argue over sth 。如：
We argued over the new novel this morning .
They spent hours in argument about where to go . 他們花了幾個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)爭論去什么地方。
3. misunderstanding 作名詞“誤會(huì )，誤解”。
I don‘t want any misunderstanding .
It is possible that they have some misunderstandings in this problem .
Be sure not to cause misunderstandings in your deeds .
I apologized for my misunderstanding of your kindness . 很抱歉，我誤會(huì )了你的好心。
4. ashamed 慚愧的，害臊的。該詞指由于所作之事而感到羞恥，該詞只作表語(yǔ)，
He was ashamed of asking such a simple question .他由于問(wèn)了這么簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題而感到慚愧。
I am ashamed of your conduct . 我為你的行為感到羞恥。
He felt ashamed that he had done so little . 他為自己只盡了這點(diǎn)力而感到慚愧。
Joan was ashamed of her rudeness . 瓊為自己的無(wú)禮感到羞恥。
測試要點(diǎn)：搭配為 be ashamed of + -ing 、be ashamed + to do 、be ashamed + that 從句。為某人感到羞恥用 be ashamed for sb 。It’s ashamed that …
I am ashamed to have mentioned it , please forgive me . 提起那件事我真慚愧，請原諒我。
She felt ashamed that she has done so little for the people .
She was ashamed , both for herself and for her sister . 她既為自己也為自己的姐姐感到害臊。
5. disappointment 失望，沮喪；令人失望的人或者物
She is a disappointment to me . 她真使我失望。
That magazine is a disappointment . 那部小說(shuō)真令人失望。
測試要點(diǎn)：
(1) 詞組： to one‘s disappointment = to the disappointment of sb 使某人失望的使
to one’s great disappointment = to the great disappointment of sb = much to one‘s disappointment 使某人十分失望的是。注意 to 是介詞，disappointment 是不可數名詞。be a great disappointment to sb 對某人是失望的。
To our great disappointment , she refused to take our advice . 使我們大為失望的是她竟然拒絕了我們的建議。
(2) 注意由 disappoint 構成的搭配：be disappointed at 因為不滿(mǎn)意某一事實(shí)、行為而感到失望。be disappointed in 因某人某事不合理想而感到失望。be disappointed of 因得不到什么而感到失望。be disappointed with 對某人或者某事不滿(mǎn)意。be disappointed to do 干……很失望。
I was much disappointed at his absence . 他不在，我很失望。
I am greatly disappointed in him . 我對他大失所望。
I was disappointed of the bus . 汽車(chē)等不到，我感到失望。
I am afraid you’re very disappointed with me . 恐怕你對我非常不滿(mǎn)意吧。
(3) 注意區別 disappointed “失望的，失意的”和 disappointing “令人失望的，令人掃興的”。
After he got the disappointing news , he looked disappointed . 得到了令人失望的消息后，他顯得十分失望。
6. remark 作動(dòng)詞和名詞“陳述，評論，議論，談起”
He made no remark about this point . 關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)他未加評論。
They all made nice remarks about the good food . 飯菜豐盛，他們都表示贊賞。
The chairman made a few remarks , then introduced the speaker . 主席說(shuō)了幾句話(huà)后就介紹了演講人。
The editor remarked that the article was well-written . 編者評論說(shuō)那篇文章寫(xiě)的好。
7. delight 作名詞是“快樂(lè )，樂(lè )事”；作動(dòng)詞是“使快樂(lè )，使愉快”（程度比pleased 強）
He is delighted at / by the results . 他聽(tīng)到那消息感到高興。
She is delighted with your work . 她對你們的工作很滿(mǎn)意。
The news delighted the whole nation .
I am delighted to hear the conclusion .
She is delighted that she succeeded .
I‘ll be delighted to see you .
測試要點(diǎn)：
take / find （a）delight in 以……為樂(lè )。be in high delight 非常高興。to one’s delight 使某人高興的是。with delight 高興地。give delights to sb 給某人快樂(lè )。with much / great delight 十分高興地。
He takes delight in reading . 他愛(ài)讀書(shū)。
To the teachers‘ great delight , all his students passed the examination .
(2) delighted 作形容詞是“自己感到滿(mǎn)意的，自己感到愉快的”。delightful 是“令人高興的，使人快樂(lè )的”。如：a delighted child 一個(gè)快樂(lè )的孩子。a delightful poet 一首使人感到快樂(lè )的詩(shī)。
8. burst （burst , burst）突然發(fā)作，突然發(fā)生，爆炸
The river has burst its banks . 河堤決口。
The balloon burst .
測試要點(diǎn)：burst into tears = burst out crying 突然哭起來(lái)。burst into laughter = burst out laughing 突然笑起來(lái)。burst into 突然闖入，突然發(fā)作。burst into sight / view 突然出現。burst open 猛然打開(kāi)。burst in 闖進(jìn)來(lái)。burst out of 突然從……起來(lái)。
A group of men burst into his office .
To her great surprise , a group of men burst in .
A team of Young Pioneers burst into sight / view .
Having lost her keys , she had to burst the door open .
The gate suddenly gave way and an angry crowd burst out of the yard . 大門(mén)突然塌了，憤怒地人群沖出樂(lè )院子。
The audience burst into stormy applause . 觀(guān)眾中突然響起了暴風(fēng)雨般地掌聲。
9. envy （envied , envied）作名詞或者動(dòng)詞“嫉妒；羨慕”
She said that out of envy . 她出于嫉妒說(shuō)了那些話(huà)。
They know much . How I envy them ! 他們知道地真多，我真羨慕他們！
They envy him his success . 他們嫉妒他的成功。
They watched her excellent performance with envy . 他們羨慕地看著(zhù)她的精彩表演。
測試要點(diǎn)：
(1) envy 后可跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，也可跟雙賓語(yǔ)，但不能跟從句。
(對) James envied his friend’s job . （錯）James envied that his friend had a good job .
(2) envy sb for sth = envy sb account of sth 羨慕某人的……方面
They envied her for her good luck .
(3) envy 作羨慕或者嫉妒的對象時(shí)不與不定冠詞連用，與定冠詞連用。
She was the envy of all her neighbours .
His success was the envy of us all .
(4) admire 后常跟 for 表示原因，admire 后不能跟雙賓語(yǔ)。
（錯）I admire her the bravery .
（對）I admire her for her bravery .
10. understanding 作不可數名詞是“領(lǐng)會(huì )，理解”。作形容詞是“了解的，有理解力的”。
There is (a) deep understanding between them .
He is a man of / without understanding . 他是（不是）一個(gè)明白事理的人。
She gave us an understanding smile . 她給我們會(huì )心的微笑。
11. will 作名詞“意志；意志力；決心；遺囑”
He has no will of his own . 他沒(méi)有獨立的意志。
He is a man of iron will . 他是個(gè)有鋼鐵般意志的人。
We mustn‘t do anything against the will of the people . 我們不能做違背人民意志的事。
Where there is a will , there is a way . (諺語(yǔ)) 有志者，事竟成。
The old man will make his will . 那老漢要立個(gè)遺囑。
測試要點(diǎn)：
(1) against one’s will 違心地；違背意愿地
(2) if you will 如果你愿意那樣地話(huà)
12. shoulder 肩膀。注意發(fā)音不要與 should 混淆。
He give his son a ride on his shoulders . 他讓孩子騎在他地肩膀上。
測試要點(diǎn)：
(1) shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩
The two girls are standing shoulder to shoulder . (注意介詞 to)
(2) pat sb on the shoulder 拍某人地肩膀
(3) have square / broad shoulders 有寬肩膀
C. 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄
Lesson 29
1. See you next Friday . 下周五見(jiàn)。
2. go away for the weekend 外出度周末
3. come out to dinner with sb 和某人一起出去吃飯
4. check with sb 與某人商議，check with sth 與……相核實(shí)
Please check with your secretary before signing the papers . 在簽署這些文件之前，請你和秘書(shū)商議一下。
Don‘t leave the house without checking with me first .
These students checked their answers with the key at the end of the book .
5. keep one’s word 遵守諾言，守信用
You said you would come . But you didn‘t keep your word .
測試要點(diǎn)：注意由 word 構成地短語(yǔ)經(jīng)常用于測試中。
in words 口頭上。have a word with sb 和某人談?wù)�。have words with sb 與某人爭吵。break one’s word 失信，食言。in a / one word 總而言之。in other words 也就是說(shuō)，換句話(huà)說(shuō)。leave word 留言。say a few words 即席說(shuō)幾句話(huà)。upon my word = my word upon it 我擔保。word for word 逐字地。
6. change one‘s mind 改變注意，改變計劃
He was going to drive but then changed his mind and took the bus .
You’ll change your mind as you grow older .
7. at (the) last minute = at the last moment 在最后一刻
How can you change your mind at the last moment ?
She was afraid that at the last minute he might give up the plan .
8. argue with sb about sth 為某事同某人爭辯
It‘s not good for you to argue with her about this answer .
9. apologize to sb for sth ; apologize to sb for doing = make an apology to sb for sth 因為……向某人道歉
You must apologize to her for your being late for the meeting .
10. have a misunderstanding about 對……發(fā)生誤解
I’m sorry about that . I suppose we just had a misunderstanding about this design .
11. be very disappointed not to do 對不能做……感到失望
My roommate feels / is very disappointed not to passed this test .
12. feel rather ashamed 感到相當慚愧
13. There is no need for … ; There is no need to do ; have no need of ; have no need to do “……沒(méi)有用”。
There is no need for a guide on our journey .
You have need to hurry .
Lesson 30
1. in search of 尋找。in one‘s search for 尋找
2. a boy of about twelve 一個(gè)大約 12 歲地男孩
a twelve-year-old boy 一個(gè) 12 歲地男孩
3. for sale 待售，賣(mài)，出售。
He asked whether they had any geography books for sale .
Are these machines for sale ?
對比：on sale 正出售地，正上市地
Grapes are on sale . 葡萄上市了。
4. How much do they cost ? 多少錢(qián) ？
5. look up at 抬頭看著(zhù)……
She lay there , looking up at the stars .
6. look disappointed 顯得失望
7. with a weak smile 無(wú)可奈何地微笑著(zhù)
8. come along 一起走，快點(diǎn)，走吧
Come along , it’s nearly 12 o‘clock .
John wants to come along with us to the concert .
Come along . I’ll show you to your room myself .
9. get on 上車(chē)，相處，進(jìn)展，穿衣
Get on the bus , or you can‘t catch the train .
He gets on quite well with his neighbours .
How are you getting on / along with the work ?
Haven’t seen you for a long time . How are you getting on these days ?
These shoes are too tight . I can‘t get them on .
10. in surprise 吃驚地。to one’s surprise 使某人吃驚地是。
He just stood under the roof , in surprise .
To the great surprise of her , her sister remarried .
11. in town 在城里
12. ahead of 在……的前面，比……超前
He walked ahead of me . 他在我前面走。
This building was finished ahead of time . 這座建筑物提前竣工了。
He is far ahead of his classmates in English , chemistry , physics and biology .
The bus came ahead of time , and Mary was not ready .
He likes to arrive ahead of time rather than late .
Betty finished her test ahead of the others .
He studied all the time , because he wants to stay ahead of his classmates .
13. know about 了解；知道關(guān)于……的情況
Did you know about your son‘s breaking the glass of the classroom ?
know of 知道
I don’t know him , but I know of him . 我不認識他，但我了解他。
14. with a curious look 帶著(zhù)好奇的神色
15. pay me the rest of the money 為我付其余的錢(qián)
16. as good as = almost the same thing as 和……幾乎一樣，實(shí)際上
The noise of this machine is so low , it is as good as silent . 這臺機器的噪音很低，簡(jiǎn)直像沒(méi)有聲音一樣。
She as good as agreed to help us as soon as possible . 她實(shí)際上等于同意盡可能快的幫助我們。
His silence has as good as suggested his attitude . 他實(shí)際上等于表明了他的態(tài)度。
17. in that / this case 如果那（這）樣的話(huà)，在那（這）樣的情況下
In that case I have no more to say .
In this case , we had better hold a discussion about our future .
He may not return the book today . In this case I come next week to make sure .
注意由 case 構成的短語(yǔ)還有：in all cases 在任何情況下。in another case 在另外的情況下，in most 。cases 在大多數情況下。in the present case 在目的情況下。in the worst case 在最壞的情況下。in case 假。使，免得，以防萬(wàn)一。in case of 假使，如果發(fā)生，萬(wàn)一。
In case it rains , don‘t expect me .
The bus is usually on time , but start early , just in case .
In case of fire , ring the alarm bell .
The wall was built along the river in case of floods .
18. as well = too , also 也，還
He will take part in this sports meet as well . 他也要參加這次運動(dòng)會(huì )。
My elder sister supplies me with food and clothes as well .
注意區別 as well as “不但……而且……”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致。
He as well as his daughters likes playing the violin .
19. at the boy’s last remark 聽(tīng)到那男孩的最后一句話(huà)
20. a nice new pencil 一只漂亮的新鉛筆
21. look into sb‘s face 端詳著(zhù)某人的面孔
注意對比：look sb in the face = stare sb in the face 盯著(zhù)……的臉
22. Tears of joy filled eyes . 某人熱淚盈眶
23. for one moment 那會(huì )兒
注意由 moment 構成的詞組：(for) a moment 一會(huì )兒。at any moment 在任何時(shí)候。at the moment 此刻。for the moment 目前，暫時(shí)。in a moment 立刻，馬上。the moment = as soon as 一……就。
24. leave sb doing 讓某人處于干……
His remarks left all of the students thinking hard . 他的評論讓所有的同學(xué)都苦思冥想。
25. be determined to do = make up one’s mind to do 決心干……
26. some other 某一（+ 單數名詞）；一些其它（+ 復數名詞）
He was talking to some other professor . 他在同另一個(gè)教授交談。
She is busy for the moment , see her some other day , please . 現在她忙的不可開(kāi)交，改天再見(jiàn)她吧。
Such TV plays can be found in some other European countries .
注意理解 some 作“某一”講。
He had a satisfying job in some computer company .
Lesson 31
1. have pleasant weather 有令人愜意的天氣
2. come up （風(fēng)、雨的）出現，上樓，從土中發(fā)芽，走近，臨近
On our way home , a storm came up .
The seeds haven‘t come up yet .
Please don’t wait down there ; come straight up . 請不要在下面等，直接上樓來(lái)吧。
He came up and introduced himself . 他走上前來(lái)并作自我介紹。
Christmas is coming up soon . 圣誕節快到了。
3. on board = on a ship (plane , train) 在船（飛機、火車(chē)），上船（飛機、火車(chē)）
There were fifty people on board when the ship sank .
I returned after they got on board the train . 他們上了火車(chē)后我就返回了。
On his first night on board he didn‘t sleep very much . He lay awake . 上船的第一個(gè)晚上他沒(méi)有睡好。大半夜他都醒著(zhù)。
As soon as I’m on board I always feel sick . 我一到船上就總是惡心。
4. but for 若非，如果不是（主句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
But for the stores of grain they would die of hunger . = They would die of hunger if it were not for the stores of grain .
But for your immediate help , I should have been drowned . = If it had not been for your help , I should have been drowned .
5. be on the point of 正要……
He was on the point of leaving for Tianjin when his wife came back from there .
I was on the point of going out when the telephone rang .
I was on the point of asking who he was , when he told me his name .
6. take charge (of) 負責處理……；掌管
The captain , as soon as he realized the situation , took charge . 船長(cháng)一看到這種情況就立即親自上陣。
Mr Wang will take charge while I am away .
His father , who is our manager , takes charge of a lot of things every day .
Mary promised to take charge of all the arrangements for the dance . 瑪麗答應負責舞會(huì )的一切安排。
7. like crazy 瘋狂地，拼命地，非常迅速地
We had to drive like crazy to get there on time .
8. so long as = as long as = on condition that 只要……
You will get high pay so long as you follow my advice .
So long as you promise to be back before 12 , you can go out .
9. upon one‘s word 一定，的確，敢擔保，決不虛言
Upon my word , he is an experienced engineer .
Upon his word , he can offer you a number of magazines .
10. stay strong and firm with sb 頑強地、堅定地同某人在一起
11. land sb safe 使某人平安抵達
12. tie up to 把……系在……；停泊
The ship was tied up at Shanghai . 船在上海港停泊。
Do you tie up the dog to the tree ? 你把狗栓在樹(shù)上了嗎 ？
13. hurry off 匆忙離開(kāi)；趕快走
She hurried off to the hospital at the news .
14. have so much difficulty (in) + ing 在……有巨大地困難
15. to be honest 老實(shí)說(shuō)，說(shuō)實(shí)在話(huà)
To be honest with you , he does not work as hard as you .
To be honest , I really wonder where he got so much money .
16. scold sb for 因……責罵某人
17. tire oneself out 累得疲憊不堪
18. in his study 在他得書(shū)房
19. give out sth to sb 向某人分發(fā)……
20. try on the gloves 試戴手套
21. tidy the office 整理好辦公室
22. from now on 從現在起
23. ever since that day 自從那天起
24. catch up with 追上，趕上
Finally she caught up with the first and got the first prize .
If you put your heart into the studies , you will catch up with the rest of the class soon .
25. apologize for the misunderstanding 就誤解作出道歉
D. 單元語(yǔ)法學(xué)習目標
本單元要求復習的語(yǔ)法有過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)（The Past Continuous Tense）、一般過(guò)去時(shí)（The Past Indefinite Tense）、過(guò)去完成時(shí)（The Past Perfect Tense）、一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Past Indefinite Passive Tense）。
● 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的 12 個(gè)測試要點(diǎn)
1. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間進(jìn)行的餓動(dòng)作，常與特定的表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。這些狀語(yǔ)有：this morning , the whole morning , all day long , yesterday , from nine to ten last evening 等。
What were you doing last night at ten o’clock ?
I was trying to fix a machine before you arrived .
When I went downstairs , they were already eating breakfast .
When I got up this morning , it was snowing .
While I was driving here , I was thinking about you .
While you were talking to her , I was reading a magazine .
While the guide was lecturing about the Roman ruins , some of the tourists were resting their feet in the cafe across the road .
They were building a dam last winter .
2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用在時(shí)間或者條件分句中表示過(guò)去將來(lái)正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
He promised not to mention this when he was talking to her .
He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping .
3. 在口語(yǔ)或者記敘文中可以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的持續動(dòng)作作為背景，以引出由一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的新動(dòng)作。
While I was preparing a speech , my secretary entered my office .
The accident happened while I was working in the garden .
We were doing our homework when the teacher stepped in .
We were doing our homework when the light went out .
One morning the three sisters were together in the drawing room . Mary was sewing . Lucy was playing the piano , and Jane was doing nothing ; then suddenly the door opened and John burst in .
4. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與 always , forever , constantly 連用表示羨慕、討厭、贊揚、不滿(mǎn)等感情色彩。
He was always changing his mind .
5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計劃安排過(guò)去某時(shí)將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
They were leaving a few days later .
6. 動(dòng)詞 hope , want , wonder 的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用來(lái)提出請求，表達婉轉的口氣。實(shí)際上表示的時(shí)現在的情況，雖然一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表達委婉的語(yǔ)氣，但都不如過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)那樣婉轉。
I was hoping you could send me some monkey stamps .
I was wondering if you could help me .
7. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)在某些結構中作想象性用法，表示與現在事實(shí)相反，或表示將來(lái)的臆想情況。
If they were leaving tonight , I‘d like to go with them . 若今晚他們要走，我很想一塊走。
I wish they were not speaking so loudly . 但愿他們不大聲喧嘩。
8. 有時(shí)用 come , go , plan , expect , hope , intend , look forward to 等的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表達本來(lái)打算而實(shí)際沒(méi)有做成的事情。
He was expecting to finish the work last month , but unexpectedly the machines went out of order . 他原想上個(gè)月做完這件工作，但不巧機器出了故障。（= had expected）
I was going to the cinema tonight , but the manager told us to attend a meeting . 今晚我本想去看電影，但經(jīng)理告訴我要去參加一個(gè)會(huì )。
9. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)還可以表示該動(dòng)作還未結束或已進(jìn)入一個(gè)新階段。
By the time he was ten , Edison was already doing experiment in chemistry . 到十歲時(shí)，愛(ài)迪生已經(jīng)在做化學(xué)實(shí)驗了。
Soon all the people of the city were talking of the wonderful cloth . 很快全城的人都在談?wù)撨@種神奇的布。
10. 在口語(yǔ)中，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)既不是表示某時(shí)某刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也不是表示婉轉口氣或鋪敘背景，而只是說(shuō)明最近過(guò)去的事情。
I was asking what you thought of it . 我是問(wèn)你是怎么想的 。
I was hearing John had got a new job . 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)約翰有了新工作。
11. “過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)”與“一般過(guò)去時(shí)”的區別在于，前者主要描述一個(gè)持續性的動(dòng)作，而后者表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作。對比：
They were building a dam last winter . (指在建造中)
They built a dam last winter . (指造好了)
12. 使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)應注意，有些瞬間動(dòng)詞（accept , allow , admit , complete , decide , end , give , receive , refuse , permit , promise , break , fall , slip , stop , marry , …）沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)，開(kāi)始的時(shí)間就是結束的時(shí)間。
誤：The new secretary was supposed to report to the boss as soon as she was allowing it .
正：The new secretary was supposed to report to the boss as soon as she allowed it .
綜上所述，開(kāi)頭的那道NMET 99 時(shí)態(tài)題應這樣理解：從第一個(gè)人的話(huà)“喂！你是怎么走的？”可以悟出具有責備的口氣。第二個(gè)人應是對剛才自己的行為表示歉意，“真是太抱歉了，我真的沒(méi)有注意到”，強調剛才的舉止行為，符合上面的第十點(diǎn)解釋。
【針對練習】
1. Shirley a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it . 【NMET98】
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
2 .As she the newspaper , Granny asleep .【MET95】
A. was reading ; fell B. read ; was falling
C. was reading ; was falling D. read ; fell
3. I don‘t think Jim saw me ; he into space . 【MET95】
A. just stared B. has just stared C. was just staring D. had just stared
4. He his leg when he in a football match against another school .【MET87】
A. broke ; played B. was breaking ; was playing
C. broke ; was playing D. was breaking ; played
5. Tom into the house when no one . 【MET92】
A. slipped ; was looking B. had slipped ; looked
C. slipped ; had looked D. was slipping ; looked
6. She morning exercises when I passed by her house . 【MET92】
A. did B. has done C. will do D. was doing
(Key： 1.D 2. A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.D )
● 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的 11 個(gè)測試點(diǎn)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)都可表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，它們既有聯(lián)系又有區別，極易混淆。
1. 表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現的希望、計劃或打算，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。常用的動(dòng)詞有intend , mean , hope , expect , suppose , think , want 等。
I had meant to call on you , but was prevented from doing so .我本打算給你打電話(huà)，但被其它事給耽擱了。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我們本來(lái)打算能來(lái)看望你。
They had wanted to help her but couldn’t get there in time . 他們本想幫她的忙，卻沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕到那里。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的這種用法也可以換為：Had + hoped (…) = hoped + to + have + done
I had wanted to see you , but found you were out . = I wanted to have seen you , but found you were out .
2. 在由 told , said , knew , heard , thought 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
She said she had never been to Paris .
3. 注意在句型 hardly … when , no sooner … than 的主句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。當hardly 和 no sooner 謂語(yǔ)句首時(shí)主句要用倒裝結構。
She had hardly sat down when she heard her name called by the monitor . = Hardly had she sat down when she heard her name called by the teacher .
4. 表達過(guò)去兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作完成后才能引起第二個(gè)動(dòng)作，則第一個(gè)動(dòng)作用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，第二個(gè)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
When he had drunk all the wine , he left his house .
When he reached home , he found his house had been broken into and lot of things stolen .
5. 若句中有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)，在由 had rather ；I wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
I would rather you had told me the truth last time . 我寧愿你上次把實(shí)話(huà)告訴我。
She wished she had been there yesterday . (事實(shí)是：She wasn‘t there)
6. 在與過(guò)去相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，條件句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。特別要注意該結構省略 if 后的倒裝結構。
If John had studied hard last term , he would have made great progress .
Had he known that you were busy last week , he wouldn’t have given you so much trouble .
7. 在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前的繼續動(dòng)作，表示某事繼續到過(guò)去某時(shí)已有一段時(shí)間，則用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，并與 for , since 等詞連用。
He had been ill for a week when he was went to the hospital .他被送醫院時(shí)已病了一星期了。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1984 . 他說(shuō)他從 1984 年以來(lái) 一直在那家工廠(chǎng)工作。
8. 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)作，用 and , then 或 but 等連接，按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序表達時(shí)，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的連續的動(dòng)作。
The man got up , put on his cap and went away . 那人站了起來(lái)，戴上帽子走了。
I lost the hat which I had bought .
9. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)以過(guò)去某時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。也就是，過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只和過(guò)去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到它。一般過(guò)去時(shí)以現在時(shí)間為起點(diǎn)，表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
He died three years ago . 他三年前死了。
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema . 我到達電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。
We had learned 1000 English words by the end of last term . 到上學(xué)期末我們已學(xué)了 1000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
10. 在間接引語(yǔ)中，以過(guò)去完成時(shí)代替直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現在完成時(shí)。但是如果敘述的是歷史事實(shí)時(shí)，只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
She said that she had seen the film . 她說(shuō)她已看過(guò)這個(gè)電影。
He asked me whether I had done it the night before . 他問(wèn)我昨天是否做了那件事。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered (不用 had discovered) America in 1492 . 我們老師告訴我們哥倫布是 1492 年發(fā)現美洲的。
11. 由 before , after , as soon as 等引導的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已表示出時(shí)間的先后比較緊湊，所以可用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
After he closed the door , he left the house . 他關(guān)上門(mén)，離開(kāi)了屋子。
We (had ) arrived home before it rained .下雨前我們到家了。
試比較下列兩句的時(shí)態(tài)：① The train started just before we reached the station .② The train had gone when we arrived the station .
另外，常與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有 already , still , yet , just , ever , never , hardly , scarcely 以及由 by , before , since , for ,after , until , as soon as 等構成的短語(yǔ)或從句。常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday , last night , then , at that time , just now , a few days ago, in 1960 , once upon a time 以及由 when , while , after , before 等引導的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句。
二、學(xué)海導航
【學(xué)法指要】
單元難點(diǎn)釋疑
Lesson 29
◆ I‘ve been looking forward to it . 我一直在等著(zhù)這一天。
〖釋疑〗句中使用了現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。NMET測試已經(jīng)注意考查現在完成進(jìn)行體。如：NMET’98 24小題
- Hi , Tracy , you look tired .
- I am tired . I ____ the living room all day .
A . painted B . had painted C . have been painting D . have painted
正確答案為C，此題考查的是現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法。
現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續到現在，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛剛停止，也可能還要繼續下去，其構成是 “have / has been + 現在分詞”。
使用現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)應注意：
We‘ve just been talking about you . 我們正談你來(lái)著(zhù)。(動(dòng)作剛剛停止)
The CCTV has been broadcasting English programmes ever since 1977 . (SEFC SBIA P46) 自1977年起中央電視臺一直在播送英語(yǔ)節目。(動(dòng)作仍在繼續)
現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以用來(lái)表示現在以前這段時(shí)間反復發(fā)生的事情。如：
She has been cycling to work for the last three weeks . 最近三星期她一直騎自行車(chē)上班。
現在完成時(shí)與現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法比較：
1 . 現在完成時(shí)強調的是完成或對現在有影響的動(dòng)作，而現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強調的是持續了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛停止或仍在繼續。請比較：
I have written an article . (已完成)
I have been writing an article . (還在寫(xiě)) 又如：
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years . (SBIB , P22) 中國人造紙已有兩千年的歷史了。(動(dòng)作仍在繼續)
They have been widening the road . (還在進(jìn)行)
They have widened the road . (已經(jīng)完成)
2 . 表示狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)、心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般不用于現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；若表示狀態(tài)一直持續到現在，可用現在完成時(shí)。即現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不能代替以下例句中的現在完成時(shí)。
We have known each other since childhood .
I haven’t seen him for years .
They have always had a big garden . 他們一直有座大花園。
How long have you known that ? 你知道這事多久了 ?
3 . 現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以和時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，也可以不用，其意義區別不大；而現在完成時(shí)一般要與象 for two years、since July , since early morning , these few days 等一些時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，若不用時(shí)間短語(yǔ)，現在完成時(shí)只表示完成了的單一動(dòng)作。如：
My shoe has been pressing against my foot . So it hurts a bit . (SB2A , P61)
我的鞋子擠腳，所以腳有點(diǎn)疼。(不用時(shí)間短語(yǔ))
I have already closed the door . 我已經(jīng)把門(mén)關(guān)上了。(表示完成的單一動(dòng)作)
He has been back for two days . 他回來(lái)兩天了。(與時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用)
He has been trying to work out the maths problem since early morning .
We have been having fine weather for the past few days .
I‘m rather tired . I’ve been playing basketball since breakfast .
4 . 有些延續性動(dòng)詞，如 live , teach , work , study , learn , stay 有時(shí)用現在完成時(shí)與用現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)意義區別不大。如：
I have lived here for ten years . (= I have been living here for ten years .) 我住在這兒已十年了。
How long have you studied English ? (=How long have you been studying English ? ) 你學(xué)習英語(yǔ)多久了 ?
另需注意的是：現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
5. 在現代英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞 sit , lie , wait , stay 等用現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比用現在完成時(shí)更合習慣。
I‘ve been sitting here all afternoon .
I’ve been waiting for you since morning .
I‘ve been staying in a hotel so far .
6. 用“How long … ?”結構詢(xún)問(wèn)目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間長(cháng)度時(shí)多用現在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
How long have you been sewing ?
How long have you been learning English .
◆ I’m sorry to have done that . 我那樣作，真對不起。
〖釋疑〗本句中的 to have done 時(shí)不定式的完成式，表示動(dòng)作提前完成。使用不定式的完成式應注意：
1 . 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成體
1) 如果不定式動(dòng)作是瞬間動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，它表示一個(gè)在現在或過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作；如果是持續動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，它表示一個(gè)一直持續到現在或過(guò)去某時(shí)的動(dòng)作。
a . 常見(jiàn)的可接不定式完成體的動(dòng)詞有： happen / see / appear / prove / pretend / seem , etc .
He seemed to have lived a happy life .
他似乎一直過(guò)得很幸福。(他的幸福生活一直持續到現在)
b . 常見(jiàn)的可用于“主語(yǔ)+ be said + to have done / been”相當于主動(dòng)句“People say + that”結構的句型有：be said / reported / thought / supposed / expected / believed / considered / known 等。如：
Her husband is said to have given up smoking . 據說(shuō)她丈夫已經(jīng)戒煙了。(“戒煙”發(fā)生在“據說(shuō)”之前)
The girl is reported to have been a League member for five years .
據報道那姑娘入團已經(jīng)5年了。(不定式表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作前所處的狀態(tài))
c . 常見(jiàn)的可接不定式完成體的形容詞有 glad / happy / sad / disappointed / satisfied / sorry / surprised 等。如：
I‘m sorry to have given you so much trouble . 對不起，給你帶來(lái)了那么多麻煩。
比較下面不定式的一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)的區別：
I’m happy to have seen you . 見(jiàn)到你很高興。(分手時(shí)說(shuō))
I‘m happy to see you . 見(jiàn)到你很高興。(見(jiàn)面時(shí)說(shuō))
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute . 對不起，要請你等會(huì )兒。(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)還未等)
I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time . 對不起，讓你久等了。(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已經(jīng)等了很久)
2) be + 不定式完成時(shí)態(tài)表示該做或想做但未做的動(dòng)作。如：
You were to have arrived there early that day . 那天你們應該早點(diǎn)到那兒。(但你們晚到了)
I was to have helped him then . but I was too busy . 當時(shí)我本想幫他的忙，可我太忙了。(未幫他的忙)
3) 表示“意圖，打算”之意的動(dòng)詞如 hope , wish , expect , think , suppose , want , plan , agree , mean , try 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，又后接不定式完成式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示想做而未做的事情。這種意義也可用這類(lèi)詞的“過(guò)去完成時(shí)+不定式的一般式”表達。如：
We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes . (=We had wished to put…) 我們本打算半小時(shí)就把火撲滅的。(結果沒(méi)有)
The engineers planned to have removed the temple before the dam was completed . (= The engineers had planned to remove the…) 工程師們本決定大壩建成之前把那座寺廟移走的。(結果沒(méi)有)
2 . 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成進(jìn)行體
動(dòng)詞不定式的完成進(jìn)行體表示不定式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，并一直在進(jìn)行著(zhù)。其結構與不定式的完成體類(lèi)似。如：
He is said to have been translating Luxun’s works into English . 據說(shuō)他一直把魯迅的著(zhù)作譯成英文。(現仍然在譯)
She seems to have been teaching in that school for fifteen years . 她似乎已經(jīng)在那所學(xué)校教了15年書(shū)了。(仍在教，強調繼續教)
The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the poor . 那個(gè)善良的富翁一直在幫助窮人，并為此感到非常高興。(仍在幫)
We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up . 我們原以為可以在這一直住下去，直到我們的孩子長(cháng)大。(但我們得搬家了)
3 . 動(dòng)詞不定式完成體的被動(dòng)式
當主語(yǔ)與不定式動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且不定式所表示的動(dòng)作又先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式就要用完成體的被式。如：
The book is said to have been translated into many languages . 據說(shuō)這本書(shū)被譯成很多種語(yǔ)言。
The oranges were thought to have all been sold out . 人們認為桔子已經(jīng)全部賣(mài)完。
He is very sad to have lost four bikes in less than one year . 他因不到一年就丟了4部自行車(chē)而感到很傷心。
Lesson 30
◆ … and four times I saw the boy‘s eager face turn to disappointment . 我四次看到那男孩熱切的面孔轉成失望的神情。
〖釋疑〗句中的 turn to … 式受感官動(dòng)詞 see 的影響，其后的不定式作賓補省略 to 表示動(dòng)作的完成性。這樣的動(dòng)詞還有：look at , watch , observe , notice , make , have , let , hear , listen to 。
She made me sing a song at the party . = I was made to sing a song at the party . (注意在被動(dòng)句中加 to)
… and four times the boy’s eager face was seen to turn to disappointment .
◆ At the boy‘s last remark , … 聽(tīng)到那男孩的最后一句話(huà)……
〖釋疑〗句中的 at 表示“一聽(tīng)到”。 at the sound of 一聽(tīng)到……的聲音。at the thought of 一想到……。at the sight of 一看到……。另外注意介詞 at 的下列 10 點(diǎn)用法：
1. 表示在小地方；在中點(diǎn)站
at the station , at the bus stop , at my house , stand at the door , change trains at Beijing , at 125 Renmin Road （但on Hazel Street ）, at the edge of 。
2. 表達“在……時(shí)刻”“在……年齡”在……時(shí)間“”
at sunset , at middy , at dusk , at dawn , at noon , at midnight ， at ten o’clock , at (the age of) 12 , at that time
3. 表達目標與方向性
shout at , shoot at , point at , knock at , strike at , throw at , laugh at 。
4. 表達原因“由于，因為”
be angry at my words ，be pleased at , be amused at , be surprised at .
5. 表示“在……方面”
be good at , be , clever at , be bad at
6. 表達“從事于；處于……狀態(tài)”
at work , at war , at school , at rest , at present , at sea 。
7. 用在表示最高級的形容詞前面。
at (the) least 至少；at (the) most 最多；at (the) worst最壞的情況 ；at (the ) best 最好,
8. 表達速度、價(jià)格、比率、等級、距離等。
at (a speed of ) 50 kilometres an hour , sell them at a low cost , at 90℃ , at first , at a distance of 90 miles
9. 在節日的對比中：at Christmas = on Christmas Day , at Easter 在復活節，at Thanksgiving 在感恩節，at New Year = On New Year‘s Day , on Easter Monday 在復活節后的星期一，at / on the weekend 。
10. 指空間的某一點(diǎn)。
My house is at the third crossroad after the bridge . 我家住在橋那邊第三個(gè)十字路口。
If you are at the North Pole , every direction is south . 如果你站在北極點(diǎn)上，每一個(gè)方向都是向南的。
Lesson 31
◆ … the ship would have sunk with all on board but for the effort of the captain . 如果不是由于船長(cháng)的努力，那么這艘船連同船上所有的人必將沉入大海。
〖釋疑〗本句通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ) but for 引起虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其它情況下的應用有：
虛擬語(yǔ)氣按謂語(yǔ)形式分為兩大類(lèi)，即表示與現在事實(shí)相反和與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(動(dòng)詞 to be 用 were)和 had + p . p . 。另一類(lèi)是謂語(yǔ)使用 should + 動(dòng)詞原形，其中 should 可省略。
1 . 虛擬語(yǔ)氣可用來(lái)表示愿望、建議、命令等。在下面幾類(lèi)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
★ wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句。
在這類(lèi)從句中，動(dòng)詞都用相當于陳述語(yǔ)氣過(guò)去式時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的形式。
I wish he would try again . 我希望他再試試。
How I wish it wasn’t raining ! 如果現在不下雨該多好!
另外，在“would rather(sooner)”后也可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
I would rather he came tomorrow . 我寧愿他明天來(lái)。
I could go myself but I would sooner he went . 我自己也能去，但我寧愿他去。
★ 在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist 等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。
I suggest we (should) set off at once . 我建議馬上動(dòng)身。
I insisted that he (should) take up the matter at the meeting . 我堅持他在會(huì )上談這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
The head of the station ordered that all the people (should) leave . 站長(cháng)命令所有的人離開(kāi)。
★ 在含有 it is suggested , it is requested , it was ordered , it is necessary , it is important , it has been decided 等結構后的主語(yǔ)從句。
It is requested that Comrade Li (should) have a word at the meeting . 有人請求李同志在會(huì )上談幾句話(huà)。
It is important that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle . 在斗爭中團結一切可以團結的人是非常重要的。
★在含有 suggestion , order , plan , idea 等后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help the other groups . 我的建議是我們派幾個(gè)同志去幫助別的小組。
My idea is that we (should) challenge the other groups to a friendly competition . 我的意見(jiàn)是向別的組挑戰，我們來(lái)一個(gè)友誼競賽。
2 . 在下列狀語(yǔ)從句中，要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
★ 以 in order that , so that 引起的從句(謂語(yǔ)多用 may 或 might 加動(dòng)詞原形構成，在口語(yǔ)中也常用 can 或 could 加動(dòng)詞原形)。
Let‘s hand in the exercises earlier so that the teacher may have time to correct them . 讓我們早點(diǎn)交練習以便讓老師有空兒修改。
The teacher spoke slowly in order that the students could / might hear clearly . 老師說(shuō)得很慢，好讓學(xué)生們聽(tīng)得清楚些。
★ 以 lest (以免)，for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)多用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結構形式。
He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain . 他帶了雨傘，以免下雨。
Here’s some money in case you should need it . 這兒有些錢(qián)以防你需要用。
以 what , whatever , whoever , no matter what 三類(lèi)代詞或詞組引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)多用“may + 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結構形式。
Come what may , we will go ahead . 不管發(fā)生什么情況，我們都要干下去。
這時(shí)如果指的是一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，may 后面的動(dòng)詞就要用完成形式。
We mustn‘t be proud however much you may have achieved . 不管我們有多么大的成就，都不應該驕傲。
3 . 虛擬語(yǔ)氣還可用在口語(yǔ)中，使語(yǔ)氣顯得比較委婉、客氣，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用“should (would , could , might) + 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結構形式。
★ 陳述自己的看法。
I should be glad to talk to you . 我愿意跟你談?wù)劇?/p>
★ 提出請求或邀請。
Would you mind shutting the door ? 勞駕把門(mén)關(guān)上。
★ 提出建議或勸告。
You’d better leave the matter to him . 你最好把這件事交給他。
★ 提出問(wèn)題。
Do you think you could spare me a few minutes ? 我能占你幾分鐘時(shí)間嗎 ?
4 . 此外，某些表示祝愿的句子中也需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，常見(jiàn)的有如下幾類(lèi)：
★ 用原形。
“Damn it , ”cursed he . 他罵道：“真混蛋!”
★ 由“may + 動(dòng)詞原形”構成。
Carry the revolutionary tradition forward , may you gain still greater glory !
發(fā)揚革命傳統，爭取更大光榮。
★ 用在 if only 引起的感嘆句之中。
If only I hadn‘t lost it ! 如果沒(méi)丟失它該多好!
5 . 在It’s necessary (important , natural , strange , unusual , a pity , a shame , no wonder , etc . )that 句形中，主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)也常用(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形。
It‘s unusual that he (should) go to school so early .
It’s necessary that Mr . Smith (should) be sent to a hospital as soon as possible .
It‘s a pity that he (should) be careless .
It’s strange that he (should) pass the examination .
注意：在 It‘s (high) time that 句型中，從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去式，也可以用 should + 動(dòng)詞原形，但 should 不能省略。
It’s high time that we went (should go) to bed .
6. 含蓄型虛擬語(yǔ)氣。通過(guò)介詞或者介詞短語(yǔ) but for , with , without 和or , otherwise 來(lái)引導虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
But for the leadership of the Party , we could not live a happy life today . = It it were not for the leadership of the Party , …
Without (= If there were no )chemicals , life itself would be impossible .
For lack of water , plants would not grow well . 沒(méi)有水，植物就長(cháng)不好。
Without steel , there would be hardly any industry to talk about .
I was busy that day . Otherwise ( = If I had not been busy ) I would have come to see you .
7. 通過(guò)分詞或者獨立主格結構表達虛擬。
Not having ( = If he had not )done his work , he would not have left the office .
Given ( = If I had been given ) more time , I could have done it better .
Time permitting ( = If time permitted ) , I would watch TV tonight .
采用這種分類(lèi)方法進(jìn)行虛擬語(yǔ)氣的學(xué)習，可以避免只見(jiàn)木不見(jiàn)林的現象，可以擺脫虛擬語(yǔ)氣雜亂無(wú)章，變幻莫測，極難掌握的虛幻感。有利于形成知識體系，在實(shí)際運用中，更容易產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想，舉一反三。同時(shí)可以在學(xué)習中逐步養成對頭緒紛繁的語(yǔ)言現象進(jìn)行歸納分類(lèi)整理的習慣。提高練習與檢測的正確率，提高英語(yǔ)學(xué)習的效率。
◆ As I expressed to him my thanks , he held my hand firmly , looked into my eyes … 當我向他致謝時(shí)，他緊緊握主我的手，盯住我的眼睛……
〖釋疑〗句中 firmly 不能用 firm ，但可以用 stand firm , 站得穩。hold firm 固守。
有些形容詞有兩種副詞形式，一種與形容詞同形，另一種是在形容詞后加 ly 構成。它們的用法異同有如下三種情況：
一、詞義各異，不能互換
1 . hard / hardly
hard 勸告；刻苦地；猛烈地；困難地。例如：
He studies very hard . 他學(xué)習非常努力。
It began to blow quite hard , just before midnight . 只是在午夜前，才開(kāi)始刮起了大風(fēng)。
The old man is breathing very hard . 這位老人呼吸非常困難。
hardly 幾乎不；簡(jiǎn)直不。例如：
We hardly had time to eat breakfast . 我們簡(jiǎn)直沒(méi)時(shí)間吃早飯。
Hardly had the plane landed when the people ran toward it . 飛機幾乎還未著(zhù)陸，人們就朝它跑去了。
［注］當 hardly 用于句首的時(shí)候，主句一般要部分倒裝。
2 . high / highly
high 高高地；地位高；聲音高。例如：
The plane flies high . 飛機飛得很高。
The bird sang high and clearly . 鳥(niǎo)叫聲嘹亮。
highly 高度地；非常(常和 praise , speak 等動(dòng)詞連用)。例如：
They spoke very highly of him . 他們稱(chēng)贊他。
3 . deep / deeply adv .
這兩個(gè)副詞均作“深地”解，但用法上有差別：
(1) 修飾具體動(dòng)作時(shí)，往往兩個(gè)詞可換用，但多用deep。如：
They had to dig very deep(deeply) in order to find water . 他們必須挖得很深，才能發(fā)現水。
(2) 表示靜止狀態(tài)時(shí)只用 deep (此時(shí)多與介詞、副詞連用)。例如：
The meeting continued deep into the night . 會(huì )議持續到了深夜。
He stood there thinking , his hands deep in his pockets . 他兩手深深地插在口袋里，站在那兒思索。
(3) 修飾形容詞或過(guò)去分詞只能用 deeply，此時(shí) deeply 多用于引伸含義，表示個(gè)人情感。例如：
I am deeply grateful to you . 我非常感謝你。
He is deeply interested in English . 他對英語(yǔ)很感興趣。
(4) deeply 可與 hate , dislike , regret , admire , love , value 等動(dòng)詞連用，但不能與動(dòng)詞 like 連用。如：
I deeply regret his death . 我對他的去世深感遺憾。
4 . late / lately
late 遲；晚。例如：
he bus arrived 5 minutes late . 公共汽車(chē)遲到了五分鐘。
We went to bed late . 我們很晚才上床。
lately 最近；不久前 (同 recently )。例如：
What have you been doing lately ? 最近你在做什么 ?
as late as 與 as lately as 都有“近至；直到”之意，用法相同。例如：
I saw him as late(lately) as yesterday . 直到昨天我才看見(jiàn)他。
5 . pretty / prettily
pretty 十分地；相當地；頗。例如：
I feel pretty tired . 我感到相當疲倦。
prettily 漂亮地。例如：
Sometimes my wife is prettily dressed . 有時(shí)我妻子穿得漂亮。
6 . near / nearly
near 近；臨近；在附近。例如：
The train came nearer and nearer . 火車(chē)越來(lái)越近了。
nearly 幾乎；差不多；將近。例如：
It is nearly ten o‘clock . 差不多十點(diǎn)鐘了。
The child slipped and nearly fell . 孩子滑了一下險些摔倒。
7 . dead / deadly
dead 的確；完全；突然。例如：
She had gone dead tired . 她已極為疲勞。
She stopped dead . 她突然停了下來(lái)。
deadly 非常地；極其地；死了似的。例如：
I was deadly sleepy . 我非常困。
She was deadly pale . 她蒼白得像死人。
8 . wide / widely
wide 廣大地；充分地；完全地。例如：
The doors of universities are wide open to you . 大學(xué)的門(mén)向你們敞開(kāi)著(zhù)。
He was wide awake . 他完全清醒了。
widely 廣泛地；大大地。例如：
English is widely used in the world . 英語(yǔ)在世界上被廣泛地應用。
He is widely reading . 他博覽群書(shū)。
9 . most / mostly
most 的用法有：
(1) much 的最高級。例如：
What struck me most was his courage . 最使我感動(dòng)的是他的勇氣。
(2) 幫助二個(gè)音節以上的形容詞或副詞構成最高級。例如：
This is the most serious accident this year . 這是今年最嚴重的事故。
(3) 加強語(yǔ)氣，意為“極，很，十分”，前用不定冠詞。例如：
It was a most touching scene . 那是極其動(dòng)人的場(chǎng)面。
mostly (無(wú)比較級和最高級)主要地；多半；基本上。例如：
The remaining population was mostly children and old people . 留下來(lái)的人大多數是兒童和老人。
10 . clean / cleanly
clean (無(wú)比較級和最高級)完全地；徹底地。例如：
I clean forgot about it . 這事我全忘了。
My view is clean contrary . 我的看法完全相反。
cleanly 干凈地；利落地。例如：
He caught the ball cleanly . 他接球干凈利落。
11 . close / closely
close 靠近；挨近；接近。例如：
Come close so that I can see you . 走近點(diǎn)以便我能看清你。
They sat down , close together , hand in hand . 他們手拉著(zhù)手，緊挨著(zhù)坐了下來(lái)。
He was standing close to the door . 他靠近門(mén)站著(zhù)。
closely 緊密地；緊緊地；秘密地；仔細地；嚴密地。例如：
We followed closely after him . 我們緊緊地跟在他后面。
He looked at the portrait more closely . 他更加仔細地注視著(zhù)這幅畫(huà)像。
The prisoner were closely guarded . 囚犯被嚴密地監視著(zhù)。
有時(shí)表示“勢均力敵地”。例如：
It was a closely contested election . 這是一個(gè)勢均力敵的競選。
12 . dear / dearly
dear 昂貴的。例如：
He got rich by buying cheap and selling dear . 他靠低價(jià)買(mǎi)高價(jià)賣(mài)發(fā)了財。
He sells his goods very dear . 他的貨賣(mài)得很貴。
dearly 深深地(愛(ài))；非常地(想)。
He loved his mother dearly . 他深深地愛(ài)著(zhù)他的母親。
有時(shí)表示“昂貴地，以巨大代價(jià)”的意思。例如：
He paid dearly for his experience . 他為他的經(jīng)驗付出了巨大的代價(jià)。
13 . fair / fairly
副詞 fair 為“公平地”，而 fairly “相當，很”。如：
One learns to fight hard but fight fair , to win without pride and to lose with grace . 一個(gè)人要學(xué)會(huì )奮力拼搏，但要公平競爭，要勝不驕，敗不餒。
It’s fairly warm today . 今天相當暖和。
14 . short / shortly
副詞 short 意為“簡(jiǎn)短地，唐突地”，而 shortly 則意為“不久”。如：
1 . Paper is running short . 紙快用完了。
2 . He‘ll be back shortly . 他馬上就回來(lái)。
15 . loud / loudly / aloud
副詞 loud 為“高聲地，大聲地”，有比較級形式，常與 speak , talk , laugh , say , shout 連用，還可作可言詞用。loudly常含“喧鬧、嘈雜”之意。aloud含“出聲地，而不是在腦子里默默地說(shuō)，只有修飾 cry , shout 時(shí)才表“大聲”地 , aloud 沒(méi)有比較級。